FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

The exam will be available at 8:30 Monday 5/11 on the course Blackboard site under "Assignments". Once you start the exam, you will have 120 minutes (2 hours) to complete all 50 multiple-choice questions. The questions will appear in random order, one at a time, and it will not be possible to revisit a question once you submit an answer.

The exam will not be available after 11:00. If you start at 8:30, your exam will automatically end at 10:30. If you start at 8:45, your exam will end at 10:45. If you start at 10:30, you will only have 30 minutes to complete it because the testing period will end at 11:00.

This is an open book test. You can consult your notes and/or the textbook, but you will need to work quickly to finish 50 questions in 120 minutes. It would be best to be fully prepared so it is not necessary to spend any time reading through the book. You cannot consult with another person during the exam, and you cannot search the internet for answers, except for the online text and any class materials.

Ch 2: Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table

1. Definitions and Concepts
   1. element
   2. proton
   3. neutron
   4. electron
   5. atomic number
   6. isotope
   7. mass number
   8. atomic orbitals (1s, 2s, 2p)
   9. electronic configuration of atoms and ions (e.g. N is 1s² 2s² 2p³)
   10. halogen
   11. noble gas
   12. atomic radii trends
   13. metals vs. nonmetals
2. Elements to Know
   1. names and symbols of elements 1 though 12
   2. names and symbols for the first three noble gases
3. Things to Skip
   1. Section 2.5, Atomic Masses

Ch 3 & 4: Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding

1. Definitions and Concepts
   1. ionic bond
   2. covalent bond
   3. octet rule
   4. valence shell, valence electrons
   5. cation and anion
   6. Lewis diagram
   7. single, double, and triple bonds
   8. electronegativity, electronegativity trends
   9. bond polarity
   10. shapes of molecules, VSEPR theory
2. Structures to Know
   1. hydroxide ion (a polyatomic anion)
   2. ammonium ion (a polyatomic cation)

Ch 12: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons

1. Definitions and Concepts
   1. alkane, saturated hydrocarbon
   2. isomer
   3. condensed structural formulas
   4. line-angle drawings
   5. boiling point and melting point trends
   6. solubility
   7. dispersion forces
   8. ozone hole
2. Nomenclature
   1. alkanes
   2. alkyl groups (up to C3)
   3. cycloalkanes
   4. halogenated hydocarbons
3. Reactions
   1. combustion of hydrocarbons
   2. halogenation of alkanes
4. Things to Skip
   1. density

Ch 13: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1. Definitions and Concepts
   1. unsaturated hydrocarbon
   2. cis-trans isomerism
   3. aromatic compounds
2. Nomenclature
   1. alkenes
   2. cis/trans disubstituted cycloalkanes
   3. alkynes
   4. some mono-substituted benzenes: toluene, phenol
   5. phenyl group
3. Reactions of Alkenes
   1. Addition of H₂ (Pt catalyst)
   2. Addition of Cl₂ or Br₂
   3. Addition of H₂O (H-OH) (H₂SO₄ catalyst)
   4. Polymerization
4. Things to Skip
   1. o, m, p nomenclature for disubstituted benzenes

Ch 14: Organic Compounds of Oxygen

1. Definitions and Concepts
   1. hydrogen bonding
   2. boiling point trends
   3. water solubility trends
   4. primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols
   5. thiol, disulfide
   6. anesthetic
2. Nomenclature
   1. alcohols (IUPAC)
   2. aldehydes (IUPAC)
   3. ketones (IUPAC)
   4. ethers (common)
   5. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone
3. Reactions
   1. oxidation of alcohols
   2. dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes
   3. dehydration of alcohols to form ethers
   4. oxidation of aldehydes
4. Things to Skip
   1. Section 14.6, Glycols and Glycerol
   2. phenol as a weak acid

Ch 15: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of their Derivatives

1. Definitions and Concepts
   1. acid
   2. base
   3. hydronium ion
   4. strong hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids
   5. alkaloid
2. Nomenclature
   1. carboxylic acids (IUPAC)
   2. carboxylate salts (IUPAC)
   3. esters (IUPAC)
   4. amines (common)
3. Reactions
   1. ionization of an acid in water
   2. neutralization of an acid with a base
   3. preparation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols
   4. hydrolysis of esters
   5. hydrolysis of amides
4. Things to Skip
   1. condensation polymers and polyamides
   2. Section 15.10, Esters of Phosphoric Acid
   3. aniline-based names
   4. amide nomenclature

Condensed Structural Formulas for Some Functional Groups

1. Alcohol CH₃CHOHCH₃, ether CH₃OCH₃, thiol CH₃CHSHCH₃,
2. Ketone CH₃COCH₃, aldehyde CH₃CHO
3. Carboxylic acid CH₃COOH, ester CH₃COOCH₃, amide CH₃CONH₂

Ch 16: Carbohydrates (see the exam 3 review)

Ch 17: Lipids (see the exam 3 review)

Ch 18: Proteins (see the exam 3 review)

Ch 19: Nucleic Acids

1. Definitions and Concepts
   1. nucleic acid
   2. DNA nucleotide
   3. Pyrimidine (1 ring) and purine (2 rings) bases
   4. RNA nucleotide
   5. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
   6. Base pairing (DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA)
   7. 5'- and 3'-ends of nucleic acid strands
   8. DNA double helix
   9. DNA polymerase
   10. Ribosome
   11. Transcription
   12. Translation
   13. Genetic code (print table)
   14. Codon and anticodon
   15. DNA virus
   16. RNA virus
   17. Retro virus
2. Things to Skip
   1. Section 19.5, Mutations and Genetic Diseases